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The VIC-II is programmed by manipulating its 47 control registers (up from 16 in the VIC), memory mapped to the range $D000–$D02E in the C64 address space. Supratechnic, a type-in program published by COMPUTE!'s Gazette in November 1988, showcases the careful use of raster interrupts to display information outside of the standard screen borders (here: the upper and lower border). That gave us a lot of color capability that had not been exploited. Some of the graphics modes on the 64 are really strange, and they have no analogs to the Atari or Apple, like the ability to change color of the character basis across the screen. Both chips, like the Commodore 64, were finished in time for the Consumer Electronics Show in the first weekend of January 1982. The work on the VIC-II was completed in November 1981 while Robert Yannes was simultaneously working on the SID chip. The chip was developed in 5 micrometer technology. This was easy since MOS Technology had both its research and development lab and semiconductor plant at the same location. The design was partly debugged by fabricating chips containing small subsets of the design, which could then be tested separately. The chip was partly laid out using electronic design automation tools from Applicon (now a part of UGS Corp.), and partly laid out manually on vellum paper. About 3/4 of the chip surface is used for the sprite functionality. The Atari 800 was also mined for desired features. The idea to support collision detection came from the Mattel Intellivision. The idea of adding sprites came from the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A computer and its TMS9918 graphics coprocessor. In order to construct the VIC-II, Charpentier and Winterble made a market survey of current home computers and video games, listing up the current features, and what features they wanted to have in the VIC-II. The team at MOS Technology had previously failed to produce two graphics chips named MOS Technology 6562 for the Commodore TOI computer, and MOS Technology 6564 for the Color PET, due to memory speed constraints. as a successor to the MOS Technology 6560 "VIC". Victoria Fan ( is a research fellow and Rachel Silverman ( is a research assistant at the Center for Global Development.The VIC-II chip was designed primarily by Al Charpentier and Charles Winterble at MOS Technology, Inc. Let us know if you have any feedback or suggestions – either below as a comment or by email – to make this resource more useful or accurate! We hope that this resource provides a useful overview for novices and veterans alike who are trying to make sense of the complicated global health landscape and architecture.